Why Animal Testing Can Save Our Lives

Many years ago, people follow particular traditions that involves animal sacrifice. According to biblical history, animals were often killed to use as sacrifices to God. In Genesis, Abraham sacrificed a ram after he was stopped by an angel to kill his son as a sign of full obedience to God. Clearly, animal sacrifices has been accepted ever since our ancestors had developed various religions where they believed meat offerings were pleasant to the eyes of their God. As one of the most complicated ethical issues of today, animal testing can be viewed in the same way with the historical animal sacrifices. As humans in past were saved spiritually by offering animals, it is reasonable to conclude that animal testing is a kind of sacrifice that humans must do to save lives physically and emotionally. Why Animal Testing Can Save Our Lives One of the primary reasons why animal testing is considered helpful for the advance of man is the fact that it plays a significant role in the progress of medicine. Newly created drugs are safer to use by humans if they are tested on animals first. Some people believes that it is unethical and improper to use a drug if it has not been tested on animals before (Hayhurst, 20). They argue that it is the best possible way to determine if a drug is safe or not. They clearly have a point in this argument. Apparently, they believe that human lives are much important than animal lives. â€Å"Many people who argue for animal testing agree that it's unfortunate that animals must sometimes suffer, but they feel that the pain is a small price to pay if it advances science and produces new cures for deadly diseases such as cancer and AIDS† (Hayhurst, 21). On the other hand, people who are against animal testing argue that animal lives should also be treated with utmost importance and should not be used as sacrifices to attain something. One of the points of these people are the fact that some cosmetic manufacturers also engage in animal testing to try their products. They believe that such products are â€Å"unnecessary† for animals' health to be sacrificed (Hayhurst, 21). There is the blinding of mice to enable cosmetic manufacturers to produce a new kind of mascara and other. They also argue that animal reactions to drugs can be quite different from that of humans. â€Å"Because of the irreconcilable biological differences between animals and human beings, the results of animal tests cannot be applied to human beings with any degree of confidence† (qtd. in Lovegrove, 14). However, it is the issue of morality and ethics that is enveloping the entire argument against animal testing. Many people on this side believes that animals have the right to live and that humans cannot just treat them in any way just because they can. Apparently, both sides of the issue raises important points that should be considered to achieve a fair and justified treatment of the issue. Clearly, there is a lot at stake here whether in the morality or the medical advancement of human beings but both ways still considers what is good for man. Nevertheless, the problem with some animal rights activists is that, â€Å"there is too much emphasis on ethics and too little emphasis on what they perceive as scientific benefits† (qtd. in Connor). In our present situation where diseases are rampant, it is important that people must be receptive and open-minded enough to consider tough decisions such as supporting animal testing. It is also important that people weigh the circumstances of what animal research could do in the existence and survival of mankind in the future. The problem with some activists is that they focus so much on what is happening today that they tend to forget what could happen in the future. Conclusion Our world today is experiencing so many medical challenges such as the spread of A(H1N1) virus, cancer, AIDS and other diseases; therefore, it is important that we consider sacrificing something today to enable us to prepare for the future. In addition, these animals also benefit from the testing as their future generations also benefits from the medical progress to which they contribute. Hence, it is quite reasonable to conclude that some tough decisions and actions should be made to make this place better and safer for all of us. It is for the greater good that a few must suffer to attain something better in the future.

Free Essays on Formal Analysis Of Looking At Crab-apple Blossoms At Night

of Frank Lloyd Wright, â€Å"Form follows function - that has been misunderstood. Form and function should be one, joined in a spiritual union.† This is the relationship of form to function found in the Southern Song court painting, Looking at Crab-apple Blossoms at Night. Painted on a silk fan with ink and color, the piece serves a purpose beyond its artistic worth by functioning as a fan. The content of the fan’s imagery is a representation of a poem composed by Su Shi for the emperor Lizong. Looking at Crab-apple Blossoms at Night is, therefore, uniquely able to forge a marriage between not just form and function, but also content. Because the fan was painted mostly in ink, the silk was most likely covered in a glaze to prevent a diluting of the boldness of the ink due to absorption by the silk. Conversely, sizing silk makes the surface slick and more difficult to paint on. Such a surface requires meticulous and deliberate strokes. Therefore, the artist undoubtedly put a great deal of effort into the composition and content while maintaining a clean and intentional brushstroke. The scene portrayed on the fan serves two purposes. It illustrates the patron’s poem by prominently displaying imagery from the poem such as the flowers and silver candles. The formal style used by the artist unites content and form. The pictorial imagery serves the dual purpose of creating a mood of serenity. The serenity of the scene lends to the function of the fan, which is to induce comfort. One typically uses a fan when the climate is hot and harsh. The imagery of Looking at Crab-apple Blossoms at Night depicts a cool, spring night at a peaceful and organic structure in the midst of a tranquil and scenic landscape. Anyone who requires the fan’s function is thereby transported to a cool and serene resting spot. The serene tone of the painting is achieved through the use of several formal techniques. Sharp and angul... Free Essays on Formal Analysis Of Looking At Crab-apple Blossoms At Night Free Essays on Formal Analysis Of Looking At Crab-apple Blossoms At Night In the words of Frank Lloyd Wright, â€Å"Form follows function - that has been misunderstood. Form and function should be one, joined in a spiritual union.† This is the relationship of form to function found in the Southern Song court painting, Looking at Crab-apple Blossoms at Night. Painted on a silk fan with ink and color, the piece serves a purpose beyond its artistic worth by functioning as a fan. The content of the fan’s imagery is a representation of a poem composed by Su Shi for the emperor Lizong. Looking at Crab-apple Blossoms at Night is, therefore, uniquely able to forge a marriage between not just form and function, but also content. Because the fan was painted mostly in ink, the silk was most likely covered in a glaze to prevent a diluting of the boldness of the ink due to absorption by the silk. Conversely, sizing silk makes the surface slick and more difficult to paint on. Such a surface requires meticulous and deliberate strokes. Therefore, the artist undoubtedly put a great deal of effort into the composition and content while maintaining a clean and intentional brushstroke. The scene portrayed on the fan serves two purposes. It illustrates the patron’s poem by prominently displaying imagery from the poem such as the flowers and silver candles. The formal style used by the artist unites content and form. The pictorial imagery serves the dual purpose of creating a mood of serenity. The serenity of the scene lends to the function of the fan, which is to induce comfort. One typically uses a fan when the climate is hot and harsh. The imagery of Looking at Crab-apple Blossoms at Night depicts a cool, spring night at a peaceful and organic structure in the midst of a tranquil and scenic landscape. Anyone who requires the fan’s function is thereby transported to a cool and serene resting spot. The serene tone of the painting is achieved through the use of several formal techniques. Sharp and angul...

History of Photography Culture

History of Photography Culture Executive Summary Photography is a culture that has been present since the 19th century. However, the advancement in technology has greatly changed the manner in which the society regards photographs. During the analogue era, photography was used to store family memories.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History of Photography Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, in the digital era, photography is used as a means of personal identification and communication. To expound on this, this paper focused on the theories, background and the perception that the society had on both analogue and digital photographs. The paper also expounded on the impacts that social networks and digital manipulation have on digital photographs. This brought about a deeper understanding of the changes that are being experienced in photography. Introduction Photography can be regarded as an art as well as a science that aims at creat ing long lasting images. Images are usually created with the help of a lens that focuses the light that is either emitted or reflected by the object into a light sensitive material (Hirsch, 1997). During the early days, a photographic emulsion of the latent image was created on a film. However, this film needed to undergo several chemical processes for the final image to be arrived at. However, with the advancement in technology, photography has developed. The quality of modern images is better, the process of creating images is much more effective and fast. Therefore, the resultant effects of photography have changed over time. Photography can be traced back to the beginning of the 19th century. During the 1820s, Joseph Nicephore, a French inventor managed to create a photograph with the use of a camera Obscura (Dijck, 2008). However, he destroyed the image that he created while attempting to create a duplicate. However, several years later, he was successful once again to create a permanent image. This marked the beginning of modern photography. Due to its success and efficiency, this new technique managed to replace traditional methods of creating portraits and images such as painting and carving. Photography was capable of capturing more details and information as compared to traditional methods of creating images and portraits.Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The stop capability of a photograph therefore played a critical role in determining the manner in which the society regarded photographs. During the early days, the society used photography as a means of storing memories. Unlike their analogue counterparts, digital photographs are easy to make. Their characteristics allow them to be easily manipulated to please the eye of the user. With these differences, the question of whether the main purpose of a photograph is to safeguard a memory or represent the identity of an individual is always inevitable. To answer this question, this paper will focus on the history and development of photographs. It will compare and contrast analogue and digital photographs and determine the impacts that they have on an individual and to the society. Photography during the Analogue Era Photography commenced during the 19th century. However, before photography came into play, several strategies had been advanced by man to capture images. Painting and carving are perhaps one of the main methods that man used to represent himself in a virtual form. However, these works of art were not precise. They did not expressly represent the original object or field of view that they actually resembled. Photographs on the other hand were capable of actually duplicating and representing the exact image of the object in focus. This characteristic led to the development of the concept of photographic truth (Hirsch, 1997). Several theories have been adva nced by scholars to explain the relationship that exists between the image developed from photographs and the real world. A photograph always represents the image of an object exactly as it appeared. The capability of an image to have a stop action that actually represents the truth of a given object at a given time played a critical role in increasing the credibility of photographs and photography at large. Thus, as a result of the credibility, reliability and realism of photography, the development of photography was closely related to the industrial revolution, the scientific revolution and advancement in philosophy (Dijck, 2008). During this era, the world was experiencing a transformation that led to the emergence of modernism.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History of Photography Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, to capture the change in culture, industrialization, politics, and science, photogr aphy was used. Photography has played a critical role in presenting the visual representation of the development of the western world from the Renaissance period up to the modern era. During this time, photography was highly related to the elite individuals of the society (Dijck, 1995). This included scientists, politicians, merchants and so on. However, things took a different turn during the second half of the 19th century. George Eastman developed the film as a replacement for the rudimentary photographic plated in 1884 (Dijck, 1995). As a result, the size of cameras gradually reduced. Developing pictures using the film technology was relatively easier and the resultant images were of superior quality. Most importantly, the cost associated with taking a photograph was reduced. During the beginning of the 20th century, Gabriel Lippmann developed the Lippmann plate that was capable of producing colour photographs. With this advancement in photographic technology, the concept of pho tography slowly moved from the elite to the general population within the society. With this advancement, families relied on photography as a form of technology that enabled them to store their memories and experiences in material form for future reference (Dijck, 2008). Photographs were used to show the growth and development of a given family. By the end of the 19th century, almost every family in the United States and Europe has a photo camera (Mitchell, 1992). This was the main tool that families used during the 20th century to display their growth, development and connectedness. It is inevitable for any family during the second half of the 20th century to lack a photo album. Photo albums were always regarded as a means through which a family can reach out to its memories and reminisce. Thus, photographs were mainly used to represent the pictorial heritage of a given family.Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, during the 19th and 20th century, photographs were used as a means of communication. During the 20th century, tourists took photographs of various scenarios and sites from all around the world. The photographs of the Grand Canyon, the Taj Mahal, Pyramids of Egypt, the Eifel tower and so on are good examples. These photographs not only portray the memories that the tourists had while visiting these areas but it also communicates to the viewer the beauty of the scenery that they were in. This concept has gained wide application up to the modern era especially in marketing (Castells, 2009). Many advertising campaigns use photographs to pass their main message. By viewing the picture, the target audience ultimately gets the message being conveyed. Photography in the Digital Era Technology is dynamic in nature. Thus, as photographs replaced carvings and paintings as the main mode of representation, since the 1980s, digital photographs have replaced analogue photographs. As a result, a lot of arguments have been presented for and against this change. In analogue photographs, the light reflected by the lens from the object was captured in a chemical film that was inside a camera. It is the film that was processed to give the actual picture on an analogue image. Thus, the final image could not me modified or altered in any way whatsoever. Digital images on the other hand are created using a different technique. The images are developed with the help of digital cameras that convert the light that is reflected from an object into digital code (Boyd and Ellison, 2007). Unlike in the analogue technology where the image was inferred on an analogue paper, digital images can be inferred on a variety of components. These include components such as digital screens of camera, computers, cell phones and so on. Despite the sophisticated technology behind the creation of digital images, the costs incurred are minimal. Technological advancements have made digital came ras to be reduced in size. As a result, cameras are available in most gadgets including cell phones. Thus, unlike in the 1970s where almost every home owned a photo camera, in the 21st century, almost every teenage and adult as his/her own digital camera. This has greatly increased the ease at which individuals take photographs. Consequently, digital photographs are stored in codes. These codes can be interpreted in the form of algorithms. Thus, any component that can read these algorithms will have the capability of interpreting the image that it contains. It is as a result of this fact that many components are capable of interpreting and displaying digital images (Boyd and Ellison, 2007). This capability enables the manipulation of digital images. Thus, users have the option of modifying or altering the content contained in digital images. Finally, the algorithms have made it possible for digital images to be compressed as well as being stored in different formats. This attribute has greatly increased the portability and transmission of digital images over vast networks of media. Digital photographs came about as a result of the advancement of the computer and developments in information technology (Binkley, 2003). As a result of computer imaging and the use of sophisticated softwares, man is now capable of generating digital photographs of almost any object within his field of view (Binkley, 2003). Thus, as the development of analogue photographs was in line with the industrial and scientific revolution, the development of digital photographs has always been in line with the advancement in information, communication and technology. Thus, the computer and its accompanying components and softwares have replaced optical lenses, mechanical cameras and films (Castells, 2009). At the present moment, people store their images on memory cards and CDs. Very few people use photographic films to produce photographs. The digital modes of storing images enable the users to view their pictures on their computers, televisions, cell phones or any other digital media. This has slowly led to the facing off of family albums that were quite common in the homes of many families during the 20th century. Implications of Digital Pictures The trend that is related to digital photographs has brought about a lot of arguments with regards to the ethical and social implication that digital pictures have as compared to their analogue counterparts. Digital images have always been regarded as the main factor that led to the decline of analogue photographs. Many scholars regard digital photography as the main factor that led to the death of an era of analogue photography that lasted for over 150 years (Stewart, 2008). To many, this phenomenon has brought about the end of a photographic culture that has been present in the west from the 18th century to the 20th century. This culture was mainly dominated by the maintenance of family memory with the help of photographs. However, due to their nature of application, digital photographs have been regarded as tools that support the personal identity of an individual. The motives behind photographs have gradually changed with the emergence of digital photographs. Members of the new generations now use photographs to portray their individual images, interests and identities unlike the members of the older generations who used images as a means of storing memory and reminiscing (Stewart, 2008). Several studies have been conducted to determine the reasons why teenagers take photographs. In most of these studies, it has emerged that teenagers take photographs as a means of social communication. However, the teenagers believe that they are taking photographs as a means of permanent record for their lives. The disparity between their beliefs and actual behaviour significantly reveal the impact that digital photographs have on individuals and the society at large. During the analogue era, photographs were tak en to show family lineage and bonds in families. However, during the digital era, photographs act as a means of social communication through which an individual uses to reach out to his/her peers or members of a given group (Harrison, 2002). From a closer analysis, it is evident that teenagers interact more with their peers and individuals from their social circle as compared to how they interact with their parents and other family members. With this realisation, a lot of individuals and scholars have argued that the culture of photography as it was known in the last two centuries has ended (Lindsay, 2004). The 21st century has witnessed the development of a new mode of socialization, interaction and communication in the world; social media. Social networks are virtual organizations on the internet that have been created with the use of sophisticated computer softwares and commands. These networks enable individuals to interact with each other irrespective of their physical location , culture, background and origin. With the use of these networks, people can share a lot of information with their friends, create and interact with new friends and discuss about several issues of concern. All this is possible without having physical contact with one another. Examples of social networks include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, MySpace and so on. Social networks enable its users to interact with each other and through direct communication, sharing of information, pictures, videos and other forms of media files. However, the level and extent in which users access and share files is questionable. This is because, a user can download, share or manipulate another user without his/her own consent. For instance, Facebook has the share option. Thus, your friends can share your pictures and videos without your consent as if they were originally theirs. To some extent, this can be viewed as copyright infringement (Bennett and Charles, 2006). These trends are quite normal in the social network world and they question the morals and ethics behind digital photographs and the confidentiality and privacy that digital photographs and social network sites have. Another issue that has raised questions about the ethics, morals, and reliability of digital photographs is the concept of digital manipulation. Analogue photographs were always associated with truth, realism and evidence of the physical world (Dijck, 2008). This is because their images were actual representations of the objects they portray. Digital images also have the same capability. However, due to their digital nature, users can modify, copy, compress or network a digital image. Thus, man can alter the emitted light that has been digitalised to come up with an image that fits his needs and desires. With the help of computer components and softwares, a digital photograph can be modified even further. Adobe Photoshop can be used to modify the digital codes and quality of an image. This concept is widely common in social networking, journalism, advertisement, and design (Stelzner, 2012). However, critics argue that modification of an image eliminates its element of reality since it does not Conclusion The transition from analogue to digital photographs has always been characterised by a lot of debate. Analogue photographs have always been used to store family memories while digital photographs are being used as tools for expressing personal identity and communication. Despite the criticisms that might be present, it is evident that digital photographs are in line with the prevailing culture and technology. However, to ensure that this advancement is effective and sustainable, the privacy of digital images needs to be guaranteed especially while being used in social media. This will ensure that the rights of users are not infringed while they are trying to achieve their social goals with the use of images. References Bennett, C. and Charles R. 2006, The governance of privac y, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA: Binkley, T 2003, Refiguring culture, BFI, London. Boyd, D. and Ellison, N. 2007, ‘Social network sites: definition, history and scholarship’, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communications vol. 13 no. 1, pp. 210-230. Castells, M 2009, Communication power, Oxford University Press, New York. Dijck, J 1995, Manufacturing babies and public consent: Debating the new reproductive technologies, New York University Press, New York. Dijck, J 2008, Digital photography: Communication, identity and memory. Web. Harrison, B 2002, ‘Photographic visions and narrative inquiry’, Narrative Inquiry vol. 12 no. 1, pp. 87–111. Hirsch, M 1997, Family Frames: Photography, Narrative, and Postmemory, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Lindsay, S 2004, ‘True photographs and false memories’, Psychological Science vol. 15 no. 3, pp. 149–54. Mitchell, W 1992, The reconfigured eye: Visual truth in the postphotographic era, The M IT Press, Cambridge, MA. Stelzner, M 2012, ‘Social media marketing industry report: how marketers are using social media to grow their businesses’, Social Media Examiner vol. 1 no. 4, pp. 12-30. Steward, T 2008, Photography: A critical introduction, Sage, New York.

Inventions and Discoveries

Inventions and Discoveries Introduction Invention can be defined as a final result of imagination which could have originated from a mere conception or from experimental researches. Discovery on the other hand is initial or primary acquisition of a given idea or information by an individual.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventions and Discoveries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As invention gives credit to the person who performed the act as the actual source of the conception, discovery is a credit to any other person who comes across an idea for the first time with respect to himself or herself. Invention is therefore a special primary discovery. This paper seeks to discuss some of the significant discoveries that were made as a result of the inventions of the telescope and the microscope. The paper will look into the history of the discoveries and their effects in the development of the human well beings as well as the enhancem ent of the human understanding of the surrounding nature in terms of changing the traditions and the society. Discoveries due to Invention of the Microscope The invention of microscope occurred in the sixteenth century. Believed to have been invented in Netherlands, the technology of the microscope was developed over time by the improvement on the lenses and other features of the microscope. Some of the significant discoveries made through the use of microscopes include the discovery of yeast fungus by Louis Pasteur and the discovery of cells that led to the cell theory (Microscopy, n.d). The Discovery of Yeast Fungus The discovery of yeast fungus is attributed to Louis Pasteur who was a French national. Born in the year 1822, Louis was schooled to advanced levels of education even though most of his teachers didn’t think of him as worth the higher levels of education. Louis Pasteur was the first personality to lay down the foundation of fermentation. He illustrated in his di scovery the process by which yeast aids the process in which alcohol can be obtained from sugar. In his discovery, Louis disapproved the initial perception that the process of brewing alcohol from sugar was a purely a chemical process rather than a biological process.Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the discovery, he demonstrated that yeast is living organisms that can undertake a process of anaerobic respiration that yields fermentation (Science, 2011). The discovery made by Louis that established yeast as the driving engine behind the brewing of alcohol changed the traditional perception that the brewing process was chemical. It had been previously assumed and believed that the process of brewing alcohol was primarily a chemical reaction. The assumption of the chemical process in the conversion of sugar into alcohol subsequently covered a lot of risks that alcoho l exposed people to as a result of its bacterial components. In the discovery, it was realized that the fermentation process was infested by a number of disease causing micro organisms that included bacteria, fungi and a number of yeast species. As a result of the presence of disease causing organism in the fermentation process, steps were taken by another scientist to eliminate these organisms from yeast. The success of this elimination strategy allowed for a brewing process that was free from the micro organisms apart from the yeast. There were further studies and successes in the refining of the fermentation process which was fueled by Louis’ discovery of the yeast as the basis of fermentation. The move saw the development of the brewing industry and the elimination of disease causing organisms as components of alcohol. By so doing, the discovery by Louis improved the welfare of people by setting a stage upon which their health was taken care of. The elimination of the bac teria and the other organisms from yeast and further developments of the brewing process had the positive effects of eliminating the diseases and medical complications that were caused by these micro organisms. The discovery of the yeast further led to development of the knowledge of the biological sector of micro organisms and the subject of anaerobic respiration (Khachatourians and Arora, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventions and Discoveries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Discovery of Cells and the Cell Theory The discovery of cells was made by an English man called Robert Hook. Hook, after designing and upon using a microscope, made an observation in 1665 of substances whose composition he expressed as numerous little boxes. He named the little boxes as cells derived from the Latin meaning of â€Å"little room†. The discovery made by Hook broke the traditional belief that had exi sted among people that human body is one whole and uniform substance. Hook on the contrary brought people to the realization that a human body is made up of small tiny substances called cells. It has further been established that cells are the primary building elements of organisms (Crown, 2003). The discovery of cells, after a number of studies led to the establishment of the cell theory. The concept of the cell theory explained that â€Å"organisms are composed of similar units of organization called cells† (Meisler, 2006, p. 1). Having its history from as early as 1838, the theory described the cell as distinct element with its own features and as a component of a bigger structure which is the organism. The cell theory established the facts that living organisms are composed of these elementary cells, that the cells in the organisms are both structural elements and functional components of the organisms; cells are genetic with features that are transmitted during cell divi sion and that the cells have similar composition. The establishment of the cell theory, however, originates from the discovery of cells by Hook which was facilitated by the invention of the microscope. The discovery of cells refuted the earlier perception that the body organs were a uniform mass of substance. The discovery on the contrary illustrated that the structural organs of organisms are composed of small cells that together forms the organs or body parts. The discovery subsequently led the advancement of knowledge through further discoveries and studies about cells and the organs that they form. The extension of the discovery and the study of the cells to the discovery and study of the nucleus by Brown and the further exploration of the components of cell, types of cells such as the reproductive cells and the DNA cells have been explorations in the subject of biology. The study of the human anatomy which also originated from the discovery of cells has led to discoveries and i mprovement of human health through discovery of medicines that help in preserving human health. The cell discovery though a small ancient innovation, has developed to be the core of human health (Meisler, 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discoveries due to the Invention Telescope The invention of the telescope is, according Fowler (n.d.), officially attributed Galileo. The invention was formerly made by a man called Roger Bacon who failed to obtain a patent for his invention on the grounds that his innovation was too simple and could be easily reproduced. Galileo then later in his experiments discovered an improvement on the knowledge that pre existed. In his innovation, Galileo realized that the magnifying power highly depended on the ratio of the strengths of two lenses used in the system, the concave and the convex lenses. After his discovery and modifications, Galileo was granted tenure over the developments (Fowler, n.d.). The Dark Energy The invention of telescope opened the universe for study by astrologists. With a clearer and better view of the universe by aid of the telescope, many discoveries have since been made about the features of the universe and the changes that are taking place. One of the stunning discoveries made was the observation of the dark energy. Dark energy is a feature of the space. According to NASA (n.d.), the dark energy is exerting an effective force that is greatly accelerating the expansion of the universe. The discovery of the dark energy and the expansion of the universe posed a challenge to the previous theory of gravitational force. Under the theory of force of gravity, there would be no expansion of the universe as the force exerts an attraction towards the center. This discovery of the dark matter has further triggered the study into the universe by casting doubts on the centrifugal theory (NASA, n.d.). Walker (2010) expressed the fear that the extensiveness and totality of the dark energy in the universe which has a negative implication on the strength of the gravitational force yields a reason for worry. He recounted that scientists consider the dark energy to be a threat to the universe, though they estimate that the universe still has billions of yea rs of existence. The discovery is greatly developing the understanding of the state of the universe as more effort is being made to understand the effects of the dark energy. The dark energy is still more of a mystery but could turn out to be advantageous or dangerous to the welfare of people. More of its nature and effects are yet to be discovered (Walker, 2010). Planetary Nebulae The planetary nebulae have their history of discovery dating from the eighteenth century. The name nebula was accorded to these matters owing to their similarities to the color of Uranus and Neptune. The nebulae are gaseous substances with a fuzzy view and a recognized level of symmetry (Kwok, 2007). Their discovery added to the richness of the study of the universe. The ability to identify and view planetary nebulae was basically due to the existence of the telescope that has exposed the universe to exploration. Their discovery further led to advanced study that led to the revelation of how they are form ed, their properties and their distribution. The discovery can therefore be similarly credited with enhancement of human knowledge of the universe in general, and that about the planetary nebulae in particular. The knowledge of the formation of the planetary nebulae for example illustrates that evolution of a star leads to emission of a great wind. An instability created in the process leads to the breakage of the outer layer of the star. This results in hot substances that can then be seen as a glowing disc. An important idea noted about the planetary nebulae is the fact that they are reabsorbed into the â€Å"interstellar medium†. This means that the emissions in the process of the formation of the nebulae do not spread to the earth. This has a significant importance to the general inhabitants of the earth considering the fact that some of the foreign emissions into the earth’s atmosphere are normally dangerous with adverse side effects. An illustrative example is th e harmful ultra violet radiations into the atmosphere. The knowledge of the reabsorbing these emissions into their systems is a relief that builds confidence in people concerning their safety and welfare on earth. The discovery of the planetary nebulae has therefore promoted the development of knowledge through furthering studies and invention as well as stabilizing fears of external threats to the earth’s atmosphere (Darling, n.d.). Conclusion The world of discoveries and inventions has been in existence for over centuries. The inventions have been diverse covering both theories and instruments. The discoveries and inventions are on their merits spontaneous processes with one step leading to a chain of further discoveries and inventions. An illustration is seen in the invention of the telescope and the microscope that further led to discoveries of elements like the brewing process, the cell theory, the dark matter as well as the planetary nebulae of the space. These discover ies have in one way or the other developed the human knowledge by furthering studies and as well enhanced the well being of people either socially or in terms of health. References Crown. (2003). The discovery of cells. Strengthening Teaching and Learning of Cells. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=tsource=webcd=6ved=0CFUQFjAFurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.school-portal.co.uk%2FGroupDownloadFile.asp%3FGroupId%3D20629%26ResourceId%3D184101rct=jq=discovery%20of%20cellsei=OjiCTdelPI3W4gb8yvyACQusg=AFQjCNFNfuZDr4M94GIIv9XIXZxe2guWLgcad=rja Darling, D. ( n.d.). Planetary nebula. David darling Info. Retrieved from: daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/planneb.html Fowler, M. (n.d.). Galileo and the Telescope. University of Virginia. Retrieved from: http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/lectures/galtel.htm Khachatourians, G. and Arora, K. (2002). Agriculture and Food Production, Volume 2. Netherlands: Elsevier. Kwok, S. (2007). Planetary nebulae. ScholarPedia. Retrieved from: schola rpedia.org/article/Planetary_nebulae Meisler, C. (2006). Cell Theory and Cell Organelles. Bemidjistate. Retrieved from: bemidjistate.edu/academics/departments/science/k12-science-units/Celll-theoy-and-organelles-biology.pdf Microscopy. (n.d.). The history of the microscope. Microscopy. Retrieved from: microscopy-uk.org.uk/intro/histo.html NASA. (n.d.). Dark energy, dark matter. Science NASA. Retrieved from: http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/ Science. (2011). Louis Pasteur. All About Science. Retrieved from: allaboutscience.org/louis-pasteur-faq.htm Walker, L. (2010). Will Dark Energy Destroy the Earth? Retrieved from: ucg.org/commentary/will-dark-energy-destroy-earth.htm

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Governmental accounting and for profit financial accounting Essay

Governmental accounting and for profit financial accounting - Essay Example ards Advisory Board (FASAB).A Comprehensive Annual Financial Report is "compiled" by a state, municipal or other governmental accounting staff and "audited" by an external American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) certified accounting firm utilizing GASB requirements (Ruppel, 2009). It is composed of three sections: Introductory, Financial and Statistical. It combines the financial information of fund accounting and Enterprise Authorities accounting. A CAFR is a report of the complete overall financial results of both those "specific groupings" of government agencies that appear in the current fiscal year General Purpose Budget and all other agencies and departments (Peterson, 2002). These can be autonomous, enterprise (for example government or city owned golf courses), recycling, water, sewer, and financial management - often these agencies were created with the inception of that local, state or government (Wilson, 2010). The CAFR provides information about all of these other government agencies that may have their own budgets and separate investment accounts but their financial holdings are not combined with the general purpose budget that the same government presents to the public. The CAFR, or as it is called in CANADA CanFR can be used along with a budget document to compare the organizations total financial standing to the annual general purpose budget (Ruppel, 2009). The CAFR is the complete showing of the financial investment and income records from all sources, that reflects what has developed over decades whereas a budget report is an inferior document to the CAFR being that it is primarily focused on what revenue is expected to be brought in and spent for just the year. Government sources funds from taxation to support the cost of providing basic services while for-profit financial accounting it offers goods and services to generate revenue. Also government accounting is not related to expenses while for-profit expenditures are

Honest Graft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Honest Graft - Essay Example believed that an honest graft is one which is because of the foreseeing power of an individual and it does not involve the money of treasury or the state government. He described honest graft as one in which an individual foresees an upcoming opportunity and avails it for his benefit. For example if the individual realizes that the government may be wanting space to build a park on a specific land, he would buy that land before hand so that he can sell it later on a higher price. Whereas in dishonest graft there is involvement of black money that is from sources such as gambling and treasury. An example of this is when an individual steals money from the treasury and utilizes it for his own use. I agree with Plunkitt as the honest graft can be a business in itself and this can be done by any individual who knows how to avail opportunities. Plunkitt had his own standpoint in politics. He criticized the reformers and their role in politics in the mid to late 1800’s. He believed that reformers were just the beginners in the game of politics. They were not able to interpret the bluffs and games around which the whole scenario of politics revolved. He opined that they were not able to clean up the government and politics because these individuals who were not even trained for politics tried to enter politics and change the whole scenario. Usually these individuals came out successfully in the beginning but gradually all these reformers had to exit because they were not capable of handling the overall scenario of politics. Plunkitt claimed that his party and all its members were dedicated to their country and the well being of its individuals. Their patriotism could clearly be seen in the incidents quoted in the book when the party members celebrated their independence like nobody else did. As described â€Å"Four hours under a big silk hat in a hall where the heat registers 110 and the smoke 250!† (RIORDIN, Chapter 17) Here it can be clearly seen that the leader